Host Kevin O’Connor and plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey meet at the shop to discuss septic systems. Richard explains how septic systems work, what they look like inside, and what homeowners can do if their septic begins to fail.
What Do Septic Systems Consist Of?
A septic system consists of piping running from the home’s drain system to a sealed tank, and then out to a series of pipes called leach pipes. As waste is flushed down the drain, it travels down the waste pipe to the tank where it separates, breaks down, and eventually ends up back into the soil.
Two Chambers in a Tank
Septic tanks are typically very large, with over 1000 gallons of volume, and they’re made from concrete or fiberglass. Inside those tanks are two chambers divided by a half-wall. As waste comes down the drain pipes and lands in the tank, solid waste falls into the first chamber, while liquid waste continues over the wall and into the liquid chamber. From there, the liquid flows out into the leach fields through the leach pipes.
First Chamber: Where Solids Break Down
Solids that travel down the drain pipe land in the first chamber and break down. The septic tank is an anaerobic chamber filled with beneficial bacteria and enzymes, and these bacteria and enzymes get to work breaking down the solid waste and turning it into liquid. Once it turns to liquid, other solids will displace it and allow it to flow over the half wall into the liquid chamber.
Second Chamber: Liquids
Liquids land in the first chamber and then overflow into the second chamber. Here, bacteria and enzymes break down any additional waste that may exist, but once the liquid reaches the height of the drain inside the tank, it overflows out into the leach pipes, dispersing into a leach field.
Earth is the Last Filter
After the wastes are broken down and flow out to the leach field, it drains into the sand and soil, where it will continue to be filtered until it heads back into the water table. This is the reason why properties require perk tests, as the wrong type of soil will not allow the waste to drain properly.
Certain Items Don’t Belong in Septic Systems
Septic systems are great at breaking down waste, but some items don’t belong. For instance, sanitary products, baby wipes, grease, dental floss, and other items that are flushed down drains can disrupt the harmony in a septic system.
For the most part, these items float over the top of the other waste in a layer known as a “scum layer.” However, if these items make their way to the leach pipes, they can quickly clog the system and prevent it from draining properly.
Also, certain solutions like paint and other chemicals can actually kill the beneficial bacteria and enzymes inside the tank. This will prevent the breakdown of waste, and result in a backup, requiring the homeowner to call and have the system pumped out and restored.
Fixes for Septic Systems
If a septic system appears to be slowing down or the homeowner realizes they’ve poured too much grease down their drains, they don’t need to panic. There are enzyme and bacteria products that homeowners can flush down their drains to restore the tank’s ability to break down waste. However, it’s important to understand that this is not an immediate fix, and it’s better used as preventative maintenance.
If the problem gets worse and locks up the septic system, it may be necessary to have the system pumped. When that’s the case, a septic specialist will arrive, dig up the cleanout (an access point at the top of the tank), pump out waste, and restore the beneficial enzymes.
When Will You Need a Pump Out?
Even if you’re diligent about what goes down the drain and maintaining the system, there will come a point where the tank needs to be pumped. This can be as far out as 30 years, but it’s important to understand that it’s likely coming down the road for the roughly 25% of American homes that have septic systems.
Learn about the cost of pumping a septic system.